Martyn Richard Jones

Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. Typically, it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an observed effect to follow from a possible cause, and eliminating the possibility of common and alternative (“special”) causes. Such analysis usually involves one or more artificial or natural experiments.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_analysis